測驗時間 40 分鐘：第一部分中譯英（40%）、第二部分英文作文（60%）。本回是挑戰級：句子要更完整，論證要有層次。
請將下列的一段中文翻譯成通順、達意且前後連貫的英文。
去年夏天，我們社區附近的河岸成了垃圾場（dump），舊沙發、壞掉的電視等雜物堆得到處都是。住在附近的林先生不想對這個問題置之不理，便帶著家人沿著河邊撿拾亂丟的垃圾，並把能回收的東西放進回收桶。他解釋說，隨意丟棄的家庭廢棄物（refuse）不但破壞我們的周遭環境，還會招來老鼠和蚊子。直到鎮公所派人清理並增設更多垃圾桶之後，河岸才慢慢恢復原來的樣貌。他還提醒我們，冬天的霧霾（smog）有很大一部分來自焚燒廢棄物。除非我們盡快改變習慣，否則當地許多動植物可能會絕種。
目前 0 個英文字參考長度約 120–150 字
請依下面的提示寫一篇英文作文，長度約 170 至 200 字（10 至 14 個句子，可分兩段）。可以是一個完整的段落，也可以分段。（評分重點：內容、組織、文法、用字遣詞、標點符號、大小寫。）
有人認為隨手亂丟垃圾的人應該被處以高額罰款，也有人認為教育比罰款更有效。請寫一篇文章：
目前 0 個英文字範文約 165–205 字（考試要求約 180 字）
批改花的是你自己的 AI 額度。建議在老師或家長陪同下使用；AI 給的分數只是練習用的估計，不是官方分數。
Last summer, the river bank near our neighborhood turned into a dump, where junk such as old sofas and broken TVs was piled up everywhere. Not wanting to ignore the problem, Mr. Lin, who lives nearby, took his family to pick up litter along the river and put whatever could be recycled into bins. He explained that household refuse thrown away carelessly not only spoils our surroundings but also attracts rats and mosquitoes. Only after the town office had cleaned up the area and installed more bins did the river bank slowly return to its original appearance. He also warned us that much of the winter smog comes from burning waste. Unless we change our habits soon, many local plants and animals could become extinct.
去年夏天，我們社區附近的河岸成了垃圾場（dump），舊沙發、壞掉的電視等雜物堆得到處都是。
Last summer, the river bank near our neighborhood turned into a dump, where junk such as old sofas and broken TVs was piled up everywhere.
turn into 是「變成」。where 引導非限定關係子句，補充說明 dump 這個地方，前面要加逗號。junk 是不可數名詞，不加 s，後面的動詞用單數 was；such as 用來舉例。was piled up 是被動語態，表示「被堆起來」。dump 當名詞是「垃圾場、傾倒處」，也可以當動詞「傾倒」。
住在附近的林先生不想對這個問題置之不理，便帶著家人沿著河邊撿拾亂丟的垃圾，並把能回收的東西放進回收桶。
Not wanting to ignore the problem, Mr. Lin, who lives nearby, took his family to pick up litter along the river and put whatever could be recycled into bins.
Not wanting to ignore the problem 是分詞構句，等於 Because he did not want to ignore the problem；否定詞 not 要放在分詞前面，且分詞的主詞必須和主要子句主詞相同（Mr. Lin）。who lives nearby 是非限定關係子句，前後要加逗號。pick up litter 是「撿拾亂丟的垃圾」，litter 是不可數名詞。whatever could be recycled 是名詞子句，作 put 的受詞，意思是「任何能被回收的東西」。
他解釋說，隨意丟棄的家庭廢棄物（refuse）不但破壞我們的周遭環境，還會招來老鼠和蚊子。
He explained that household refuse thrown away carelessly not only spoils our surroundings but also attracts rats and mosquitoes.
that 引導名詞子句，作 explained 的受詞。refuse 作名詞時唸 /ˈrɛfjus/，意思是「廢棄物、垃圾」，不可數；動詞 refuse（拒絕）的唸法不同。thrown away carelessly 是過去分詞片語，修飾 refuse，等於 which is thrown away carelessly。not only … but also … 連接兩個動詞 spoils 與 attracts，詞性要對等；refuse 是不可數名詞，所以動詞用單數。surroundings 恆用複數形，意思是「周遭環境」。
直到鎮公所派人清理並增設更多垃圾桶之後，河岸才慢慢恢復原來的樣貌。
Only after the town office had cleaned up the area and installed more bins did the river bank slowly return to its original appearance.
Only after … 放在句首時，後面的主要子句要倒裝：助動詞 did 移到主詞 the river bank 前面，動詞改回原形 return。had cleaned up 是過去完成式，表示「清理」發生在「恢復原貌」之前。its 表示「它的」，不加撇號。
他還提醒我們，冬天的霧霾（smog）有很大一部分來自焚燒廢棄物。
He also warned us that much of the winter smog comes from burning waste.
warn sb that … 是「警告某人…」，that 引導名詞子句。much of 後面接不可數名詞（the winter smog），動詞用單數 comes。from 是介系詞，後面接動名詞 burning。smog 是 smoke 加 fog 組成的字，指空氣污染造成的霧霾。
除非我們盡快改變習慣，否則當地許多動植物可能會絕種。
Unless we change our habits soon, many local plants and animals could become extinct.
Unless 等於 if … not，所以子句裡不能再加 not（不可寫 Unless we do not…）。表示未來的條件時，Unless 子句用現在式（change），主要子句用 could 表示可能性。become extinct 是「絕種」，extinct 是形容詞。
Who pays when someone throws a drink can onto the street? In the end, it is all of us, which is why I believe that people who litter should be fined heavily. First, cleaning up costs far more than most people imagine. Every year, cities spend millions on workers who sweep the streets and empty bins that are already overflowing, money that could have built new parks instead. Second, the harm done to nature is obvious. Some dump old furniture and junk in the mountains, and others burn their waste in the open, filling the air with smog. It is these small acts, repeated thousands of times, that push rare animals closer to becoming extinct.
Critics argue that education works better than punishment, and I admit that a child who has learned to respect his surroundings will never need a threat. Were everyone like that child, no fines would be necessary. Unfortunately, adults rarely read the leaflets that schools distribute. Until that day comes, however, a heavy fine is the swiftest way to make adults stop and think. The sooner we act, the less we will have to pay later.
有人把飲料罐丟到街上時，是誰在付錢？到頭來是我們所有人，這就是我認為亂丟垃圾的人應該被重罰的原因。首先，清理的成本遠比大多數人想像的高。每年，城市要花上數百萬元請人掃街、清空早已滿出來的垃圾桶，這些錢原本可以用來蓋新公園。其次，對大自然造成的傷害是顯而易見的。有些人把舊家具和廢棄雜物倒在山裡，另一些人則在空地焚燒廢棄物，讓空氣充滿霧霾。正是這些小動作，重複了成千上萬次，把珍稀動物推得更接近絕種。
批評者主張教育比處罰更有效，我也承認，學會尊重周遭環境的孩子根本不需要威脅。如果每個人都像那個孩子，就不需要罰款了。可惜，大人很少去讀學校發的傳單。然而，在那一天來臨之前，重罰是讓大人停下來想一想的最迅速方法。我們越早行動，將來要付出的就越少。
本題屬於「議論文」，要先表態再處理對立看法。第一段：用一個問句開場（不用常見的 Although 起手），再用 which is why 帶出立場；理由一（清理成本）用 First 帶出，理由二（對自然的傷害）用 Second 帶出，並以一句強調句把「小動作累積成大傷害」收尾。第二段：先轉述批評者「教育比處罰有效」的說法並承認其中的道理（I admit that…），再用假設語氣的倒裝句 Were everyone like that child 把理想狀況說清楚，接著用 Until that day comes, however 轉折，主張在理想實現之前，重罰仍是必要的，最後以比較級對應句收束。全文立場在首尾呼應，沒有重複同一個連接詞。
Not wanting to ignore the problem
分詞構句由 Because he did not want to … 簡化而來：省略連接詞和主詞，動詞改成 -ing。否定時 not 放在分詞前面。使用前要確認分詞的主詞和主要子句的主詞相同。
Not knowing what to say, she kept quiet.
因為不知道該說什麼，她保持沉默。
Only after the town office had cleaned up the area and installed more bins did the river bank slowly return to its original appearance
Only + 時間副詞片語放在句首時，主要子句要倒裝：助動詞移到主詞前。本句原本是 The river bank slowly returned…，倒裝後變成 did the river bank slowly return。這個句型能強調「直到…才…」。
Only after the rain stopped did we leave the house.
直到雨停了，我們才離開家。
which is why I believe that people who litter should be fined heavily
that 引導的名詞子句作 believe 的受詞，用來清楚表明立場。which is why 是「這就是為什麼…」，which 指前面整個情況，所以前面要加逗號。
I think that everyone should learn a second language.
我認為每個人都應該學第二外語。
workers who sweep the streets and empty bins that are already overflowing
who 和 that 都是限定關係代名詞，分別說明是哪一類工人、哪一種垃圾桶（已經滿出來的），不加逗號。這裡的 empty 是動詞「清空」，不是形容詞。
I like teachers who explain things clearly.
我喜歡講解清楚的老師。
could have built new parks instead
could have + 過去分詞表示「本來可以…（但實際上沒有）」，帶有惋惜或批評的語氣。這裡指錢被拿去清理垃圾，沒有用來蓋公園。
I could have helped you if you had asked.
如果你開口，我本來可以幫你。
It is these small acts, repeated thousands of times, that push rare animals closer to becoming extinct
強調句型 It is + 被強調的部分 + that…，強調的是「這些小動作」而不是其他原因。repeated thousands of times 是過去分詞片語，補充說明 acts，前後加逗號。
It is your attitude that matters most.
最重要的正是你的態度。
Critics argue that education works better than punishment, and I admit that a child who has learned to respect his surroundings will never need a threat
先轉述對立方的主張，再用 I admit that… 承認其中有道理，這就是 B2 議論文要求的「承認對立看法」。承認之後，下一句再用 however 把話轉回自己的立場，文章才有層次。
Many people say money brings happiness, and I admit it helps, but it is not everything.
很多人說金錢帶來快樂，我承認它有幫助，但它不是一切。
Were everyone like that child, no fines would be necessary
與現在事實相反的假設，可以把 If everyone were … 的 If 省略，把 were 提到句首倒裝：Were everyone …, no fines would be necessary。這種寫法比較正式，書面語常用。
Were I you, I would apologize at once.
如果我是你，我會馬上道歉。
The sooner we act, the less we will have to pay later
The + 比較級 + S + V, the + 比較級 + S + V，表示「越…，就越…」。兩個比較級都放在句首：sooner 與 less。用在文末能把論點收束得很有力。
The earlier you leave, the less traffic you will meet.
你越早出發，遇到的車就越少。
Unless we change our habits soon, many local plants and animals could become extinct
Unless 等於 if … not，用來說明未來的條件。子句中用現在式代替未來式，不可再加 not。
Unless you hurry, you will miss the bus.
除非你快一點，否則你會錯過公車。
| 單字 | 本回用法 |
|---|---|
| instead | instead of V-ing 而不是做…；句尾的 instead 表示「作為替代」，如 money that could have built new parks instead |
| obvious | an obvious reason 明顯的理由；It is obvious that… 很明顯… |
| swift | a swift response 迅速的回應；swift 比 quick 較正式、較書面 |
| distribute | distribute leaflets 發傳單；distribute A to B 把 A 分發給 B |
| bin | a recycling bin 回收桶；empty the bins 清空垃圾桶 |
| dump | an illegal dump 非法垃圾場（n.）；dump old furniture 亂倒舊家具（v.，本回作名詞和動詞各用一次） |
| extinct | become extinct 絕種；an extinct animal 已絕種的動物（adj.） |
| junk | a pile of junk 一堆破爛；junk food 垃圾食物（不可數） |
| litter | pick up litter 撿拾亂丟的垃圾（n.）；people who litter 亂丟垃圾的人（v.，本回作名詞和動詞各用一次） |
| refuse | household refuse 家庭廢棄物（n.，唸 /ˈrɛfjus/）；refuse to V 拒絕做…（v.，唸 /rɪˈfjuz/） |
| smog | heavy smog 濃重的霧霾；smog 是 smoke + fog 的合成字 |
| surroundings | in pleasant surroundings 在宜人的環境中；surroundings 恆用複數形 |
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